INTRODUCTION

The ISO 6336 series consists of International Standards, Technical Specifications (TS) and Technical Reports (TR) under the general title Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears.

• International Standards contain calculation methods that are based on widely accepted practices and have been validated.
• TS contain calculation methods that are still subject to further development.
• TR contain data that is informative, such as example calculations.

The procedures specified in ISO 6336-1 to ISO 6336-19 cover fatigue analyses for gear rating. The procedures described in ISO 6336-20 to ISO 6336-29 are predominantly related to the tribological behaviour of the lubricated flank surface contact. ISO 6336-30 to ISO 6336-39 include example calculations. The ISO 6336 series allows the addition of new parts under appropriate numbers to reflect knowledge gained in the future.

Requesting standardized calculations according to ISO 6336 without referring to specific parts requires the use of only those parts that are currently designated as International Standards. When requesting further calculations, the relevant part or parts of ISO 6336 need to be specified. The use of a technical specification as acceptance criteria for a specific design needs to be agreed in advance between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

This document describes the surface damage "warm scuffing" for cylindrical (spur and helical) gears for generally used gear materials and different heat treatments. "Warm scuffing" is characterized by typical scuffing and scoring marks, which can lead to increasing power loss, dynamic load, noise and wear. For "cold scuffing", generally associated with low temperature and low speed, under approximately 4 m/s, and through-hardened, heavily loaded gears, the formulae are not suitable.

There is a particularly severe form of gear tooth surface damage in which seizure or welding together of areas of tooth surfaces occurs due to absence or breakdown of a lubricant film between the contacting tooth flanks of mating gears caused by high temperature and high pressure. This form of damage is termed "scuffing" and most relevant when surface velocities are high. Scuffing can also occur for relatively low sliding velocities when tooth surface pressures are high enough, either generally or, because of uneven surface geometry and loading, in discrete areas.

Risk of scuffing damage varies with the properties of gear materials, the lubricant used, the surface roughness of tooth flanks, the sliding velocities and the load. Excessive aeration or the presence of contaminants in the lubricant such as metal particles in suspension, also increases the risk of scuffing damage. Consequences of the scuffing of high-speed gears include a tendency to high levels of dynamic loading due to increase of vibration, which usually leads to further damage by scuffing, pitting or tooth breakage.

High surface temperatures due to high surface pressures and sliding velocities can initiate the breakdown of lubricant films. On the basis of this hypothesis, two approaches to relate temperature to lubricant film breakdown are presented:

• the flash temperature method (presented in ISO/TS 6336-20), based on contact temperatures which vary along the path of contact;
• the integral temperature method (presented in this document), based on the weighted average of the contact temperatures along the path of contact.

The integral temperature method is based on the assumption that scuffing is likely to occur when the mean value of the contact temperature (integral temperature) is equal to or exceeds a corresponding critical value. The risk of scuffing of an actual gear unit can be predicted by comparing the integral temperature with the critical value, derived from a gear test for scuffing resistance of lubricants. The calculation method takes account of all significant influencing parameters, i.e. the lubricant (mineral oil with and without EP-additives, synthetic oils), the surface roughness, the sliding velocities, the load, etc.

In order to ensure that all types of scuffing and comparable forms of surface damage due to the complex relationships between hydrodynamical, thermodynamical and chemical phenomena are dealt with, further methods of assessment can be necessary. The development of such methods is the objective of ongoing research.

SCOPE

This document specifies the integral temperature method for calculating the scuffing load capacity of cylindrical gears.

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